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Granisetron

July 24, 2017
Common Name

Granisetron Description

Granisetron is only found in individuals that have used or taken this drug. It is a serotonin receptor (5HT-3 selective) antagonist that has been used as an antiemetic and antinauseant for cancer chemotherapy patients. [PubChem]Granisetron is a potent, selective antagonist of 5-HT3 receptors. The antiemetic activity of the drug is brought about through the inhibition of 5-HT3 receptors present both centrally (medlilary chemoreceptor zone) and peripherally (GI tract). This inhibition of 5-HT3 receptors in turn inhibits the visceral afferent stimliation of the vomiting center, likely indirectly at the level of the area postrema, as well as through direct inhibition of serotonin activity within the area postrema and the chemoreceptor trigger zone. Structure

MOLSDF3D-SDFPDBSMILESInChI View 3D Structure

Synonyms

Value Source SancusoChEMBL KytrilChEMBL APF530HMDB Granisetron baseHMDB 1-Methyl-N-(endo-9-methyl-9-azabicyclo(3.3.1)non-3-yl)-1H-indazole-3-carboxamideMeSH Hydrochloride, granisetronMeSH Monohydrochloride, granisetronMeSH Granisetron hydrochlorideMeSH Granisetron monohydrochlorideMeSH

Chemical Formlia

C18H24N4O Average Molecliar Weight

312.4094 Monoisotopic Molecliar Weight

312.19501141 IUPAC Name

1-methyl-N-{9-methyl-9-azabicyclo[3.3.1]nonan-3-yl}-1H-indazole-3-carboxamide Traditional Name

GRAN CAS Registry Number

109889-09-0 SMILES

CN1N=C(C(=O)NC2CC3CCCC(C2)N3C)C2=CC=CC=C12

InChI Identifier

InChI=1S/C18H24N4O/c1-21-13-6-5-7-14(21)11-12(10-13)19-18(23)17-15-8-3-4-9-16(15)22(2)20-17/h3-4,8-9,12-14H,5-7,10-11H2,1-2H3,(H,19,23)

InChI Key

MFWNKCLOYSRHCJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Chemical Taxonomy Description

This compound belongs to the class of chemical entities known as indazole-3-carboxamides. These are aromatic compounds containing an indazole ring system that is substituted at the 3-position with a carboxamide group. Kingdom

Chemical entities Super Class

Organic compounds Class

Organoheterocyclic compounds Sub Class

Benzopyrazoles Direct Parent

Indazole-3-carboxamides Alternative Parents

  • Pyrazole-5-carboxamides
  • 2-heteroaryl carboxamides
  • Piperidines
  • Benzenoids
  • Heteroaromatic compounds
  • Trialkylamines
  • Secondary carboxylic acid amides
  • Amino acids and derivatives
  • Azacyclic compounds
  • Organopnictogen compounds
  • Organooxygen compounds
  • Organic oxides
  • Hydrocarbon derivatives

    • Substituents

  • Indazole-3-carboxamide
  • 2-heteroaryl carboxamide
  • Pyrazole-5-carboxamide
  • Piperidine
  • Benzenoid
  • Azole
  • Heteroaromatic compound
  • Pyrazole
  • Amino acid or derivatives
  • Carboxamide group
  • Tertiary aliphatic amine
  • Tertiary amine
  • Secondary carboxylic acid amide
  • Carboxylic acid derivative
  • Azacycle
  • Amine
  • Hydrocarbon derivative
  • Organooxygen compound
  • Organonitrogen compound
  • Organic oxide
  • Organopnictogen compound
  • Organic oxygen compound
  • Organic nitrogen compound
  • Aromatic heteropolycyclic compound

    • Molecliar Framework

    Aromatic heteropolycyclic compounds External Descriptors

    Not Available Ontology Status

    Expected but not Quantified Origin

  • Drug

    • Biofunction

  • Antiemetics
  • Serotonin Antagonists

    • Application

  • Pharmaceutical

    • Cellliar locations

  • Membrane

    • Physical Properties State

    Solid Experimental Properties

    Property Value Reference Melting Point219 °C (hydrochloride salt)Not Available Boiling PointNot AvailableNot Available Water Solubility4.34e-01 g/LNot Available LogP2.6Not Available

    Predicted Properties

    Property Value Source Water Solubility0.43 mg/mLALOGPS logP2.64ALOGPS logP1.88ChemAxon logS-2.9ALOGPS pKa (Strongest Acidic)14.75ChemAxon pKa (Strongest Basic)9ChemAxon Physiological Charge1ChemAxon Hydrogen Acceptor Count3ChemAxon Hydrogen Donor Count1ChemAxon Polar Surface Area50.16 Å2ChemAxon Rotatable Bond Count2ChemAxon Refractivity101.83 m3·mol-1ChemAxon Polarizability35.39 Å3ChemAxon Number of Rings4ChemAxon Bioavailability1ChemAxon Rlie of FiveYesChemAxon Ghose FilterYesChemAxon Vebers RlieYesChemAxon MDDR-like RlieYesChemAxon

    Spectra Spectra

    Spectrum Type Description Splash Key Predicted LC-MS/MS

    Predicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum – 10V, PositiveNot Available Predicted LC-MS/MS

    Predicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum – 20V, PositiveNot Available Predicted LC-MS/MS

    Predicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum – 40V, PositiveNot Available Predicted LC-MS/MS

    Predicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum – 10V, NegativeNot Available Predicted LC-MS/MS

    Predicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum – 20V, NegativeNot Available Predicted LC-MS/MS

    Predicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum – 40V, NegativeNot Available

    Biological Properties Cellliar Locations

  • Membrane

    • Biofluid Locations

  • Blood
  • Urine

    • Tissue Location

    Not Available Pathways

    Not Available Normal Concentrations

    Biofluid Status Value Age Sex Condition Reference Details BloodExpected but not Quantified Not AvailableNot AvailableTaking drug identified by DrugBank entry DB00889

  • 21059682

    • details UrineExpected but not Quantified Not AvailableNot AvailableTaking drug identified by DrugBank entry DB00889

  • 21059682

    • details

    Abnormal Concentrations

    Not Available Associated Disorders and Diseases Disease References

    None Associated OMIM IDs

    None External Links DrugBank ID

    DB00889 DrugBank Metabolite ID

    Not Available Phenol Explorer Compound ID

    Not Available Phenol Explorer Metabolite ID

    Not Available FoodDB ID

    Not Available KNApSAcK ID

    Not Available Chemspider ID

    3390 KEGG Compound ID

    C07023 BioCyc ID

    Not Available BiGG ID

    Not Available Wikipedia Link

    Granisetron NuGOwiki Link

    HMDB15026 Metagene Link

    HMDB15026 METLIN ID

    Not Available PubChem Compound

    3510 PDB ID

    Not Available ChEBI ID

    154547

    Product: Cryptotanshinone

    References Synthesis Reference Not Available Material Safety Data Sheet (MSDS) Not Available General References
    1. Gan TJ: Selective serotonin 5-HT3 receptor antagonists for postoperative nausea and vomiting: are they all the same? CNS Drugs. 2005;19(3):225-38. [PubMed:15740177 ]
    2. Tan M: Granisetron: new insights into its use for the treatment of chemotherapy-induced nausea and vomiting. Expert Opin Pharmacother. 2003 Sep;4(9):1563-71. [PubMed:12943486 ]
    3. Feyer P, Seegenschmiedt MH, Steingraeber M: Granisetron in the control of radiotherapy-induced nausea and vomiting: a comparison with other antiemetic therapies. Support Care Cancer. 2005 Sep;13(9):671-8. Epub 2005 Jul 26. [PubMed:16044252 ]
    4. MEDSAFE [Link]

    Enzymes

    General function:
    Involved in monooxygenase activity
    Specific function:
    Cytochromes P450 are a group of heme-thiolate monooxygenases. In liver microsomes, this enzyme is involved in an NADPH-dependent electron transport pathway. It performs a variety of oxidation reactions (e.g. caffeine 8-oxidation, omeprazole sulphoxidation, midazolam 1-hydroxylation and midazolam 4-hydroxylation) of structurally unrelated compounds, including steroids, fatty acids, and xenobiotics. Acts as a 1,8-cineole 2-exo-monooxygenase. The enzyme also hydroxylates etoposide.
    Gene Name:
    CYP3A4
    Uniprot ID:
    P08684
    Molecular weight:
    57255.585
    References
    1. Tan M: Granisetron: new insights into its use for the treatment of chemotherapy-induced nausea and vomiting. Expert Opin Pharmacother. 2003 Sep;4(9):1563-71. [PubMed:12943486 ]
    2. Janicki PK: Cytochrome P450 2D6 metabolism and 5-hydroxytryptamine type 3 receptor antagonists for postoperative nausea and vomiting. Med Sci Monit. 2005 Oct;11(10):RA322-8. Epub 2005 Sep 26. [PubMed:16192915 ]
    3. Preissner S, Kroll K, Dunkel M, Senger C, Goldsobel G, Kuzman D, Guenther S, Winnenburg R, Schroeder M, Preissner R: SuperCYP: a comprehensive database on Cytochrome P450 enzymes including a tool for analysis of CYP-drug interactions. Nucleic Acids Res. 2010 Jan;38(Database issue):D237-43. doi: 10.1093/nar/gkp970. Epub 2009 Nov 24. [PubMed:19934256 ]
    General function:
    Involved in monooxygenase activity
    Specific function:
    Responsible for the metabolism of many drugs and environmental chemicals that it oxidizes. It is involved in the metabolism of drugs such as antiarrhythmics, adrenoceptor antagonists, and tricyclic antidepressants.
    Gene Name:
    CYP2D6
    Uniprot ID:
    P10635
    Molecular weight:
    55768.94
    References
    1. Preissner S, Kroll K, Dunkel M, Senger C, Goldsobel G, Kuzman D, Guenther S, Winnenburg R, Schroeder M, Preissner R: SuperCYP: a comprehensive database on Cytochrome P450 enzymes including a tool for analysis of CYP-drug interactions. Nucleic Acids Res. 2010 Jan;38(Database issue):D237-43. doi: 10.1093/nar/gkp970. Epub 2009 Nov 24. [PubMed:19934256 ]
    General function:
    Involved in monooxygenase activity
    Specific function:
    Cytochromes P450 are a group of heme-thiolate monooxygenases. In liver microsomes, this enzyme is involved in an NADPH-dependent electron transport pathway. It oxidizes a variety of structurally unrelated compounds, including steroids, fatty acids, and xenobiotics.
    Gene Name:
    CYP3A5
    Uniprot ID:
    P20815
    Molecular weight:
    57108.065
    References
    1. Preissner S, Kroll K, Dunkel M, Senger C, Goldsobel G, Kuzman D, Guenther S, Winnenburg R, Schroeder M, Preissner R: SuperCYP: a comprehensive database on Cytochrome P450 enzymes including a tool for analysis of CYP-drug interactions. Nucleic Acids Res. 2010 Jan;38(Database issue):D237-43. doi: 10.1093/nar/gkp970. Epub 2009 Nov 24. [PubMed:19934256 ]
    General function:
    Involved in monooxygenase activity
    Specific function:
    Cytochromes P450 are a group of heme-thiolate monooxygenases. In liver microsomes, this enzyme is involved in an NADPH-dependent electron transport pathway. It oxidizes a variety of structurally unrelated compounds, including steroids, fatty acids, and xenobiotics.
    Gene Name:
    CYP1A1
    Uniprot ID:
    P04798
    Molecular weight:
    58164.815
    References
    1. Nakamura H, Ariyoshi N, Okada K, Nakasa H, Nakazawa K, Kitada M: CYP1A1 is a major enzyme responsible for the metabolism of granisetron in human liver microsomes. Curr Drug Metab. 2005 Oct;6(5):469-80. [PubMed:16248838 ]
    2. Preissner S, Kroll K, Dunkel M, Senger C, Goldsobel G, Kuzman D, Guenther S, Winnenburg R, Schroeder M, Preissner R: SuperCYP: a comprehensive database on Cytochrome P450 enzymes including a tool for analysis of CYP-drug interactions. Nucleic Acids Res. 2010 Jan;38(Database issue):D237-43. doi: 10.1093/nar/gkp970. Epub 2009 Nov 24. [PubMed:19934256 ]
    General function:
    Involved in extracellular ligand-gated ion channel activity
    Specific function:
    This is one of the several different receptors for 5- hydroxytryptamine (serotonin), a biogenic hormone that functions as a neurotransmitter, a hormone, and a mitogen. This receptor is a ligand-gated ion channel, which when activated causes fast, depolarizing responses in neurons. It is a cation-specific, but otherwise relatively nonselective, ion channel
    Gene Name:
    HTR3A
    Uniprot ID:
    P46098
    Molecular weight:
    55279.8
    References
    1. Hillsley K, Grundy D: Plasticity in the mesenteric afferent response to cisplatin following vagotomy in the rat. J Auton Nerv Syst. 1999 May 28;76(2-3):93-8. [PubMed:10412832 ]
    2. Turvill JL, Connor P, Farthing MJ: The inhibition of cholera toxin-induced 5-HT release by the 5-HT(3) receptor antagonist, granisetron, in the rat. Br J Pharmacol. 2000 Jul;130(5):1031-6. [PubMed:10882387 ]
    3. Cappelli A, Anzini M, Vomero S, Mennuni L, Makovec F, Doucet E, Hamon M, Menziani MC, De Benedetti PG, Giorgi G, Ghelardini C, Collina S: Novel potent 5-HT(3) receptor ligands based on the pyrrolidone structure: synthesis, biological evaluation, and computational rationalization of the ligand-receptor interaction modalities. Bioorg Med Chem. 2002 Mar;10(3):779-801. [PubMed:11814868 ]
    4. Chen X, Ji ZL, Chen YZ: TTD: Therapeutic Target Database. Nucleic Acids Res. 2002 Jan 1;30(1):412-5. [PubMed:11752352 ]
    5. Gan TJ: Selective serotonin 5-HT3 receptor antagonists for postoperative nausea and vomiting: are they all the same? CNS Drugs. 2005;19(3):225-38. [PubMed:15740177 ]
    6. Tan M: Granisetron: new insights into its use for the treatment of chemotherapy-induced nausea and vomiting. Expert Opin Pharmacother. 2003 Sep;4(9):1563-71. [PubMed:12943486 ]
    7. Ho KY, Gan TJ: Pharmacology, pharmacogenetics, and clinical efficacy of 5-hydroxytryptamine type 3 receptor antagonists for postoperative nausea and vomiting. Curr Opin Anaesthesiol. 2006 Dec;19(6):606-11. [PubMed:17093363 ]
    8. Abdelsayed GG: Management of radiation-induced nausea and vomiting. Exp Hematol. 2007 Apr;35(4 Suppl 1):34-6. [PubMed:17379085 ]
    9. Feyer P, Seegenschmiedt MH, Steingraeber M: Granisetron in the control of radiotherapy-induced nausea and vomiting: a comparison with other antiemetic therapies. Support Care Cancer. 2005 Sep;13(9):671-8. Epub 2005 Jul 26. [PubMed:16044252 ]

    PMID: 25568344

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